Our Family Genealogy

Mauritian, Portuguese, Australian and English heritage

First Name Last Name
Home Search Login  
Print Bookmark
Manuel FERREIRA SILVA

Manuel FERREIRA SILVA

Male

Generations:      Standard    |    Compact    |    Vertical    |    Text    |    Register    |    PDF

More detail
Generation: 1

  1. 1.  Manuel FERREIRA SILVAManuel FERREIRA SILVA was born in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal.

    Manuel married Domingas da LUZ in 1796. Domingas (daughter of Domingos GONCALVES DAS FAIAS and Antónia DA LUZ) was born in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 2. Joao FERREIRA DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born in 1810 in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal.


Generation: 2

  1. 2.  Joao FERREIRA DA SILVAJoao FERREIRA DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (1.Manuel1) was born in 1810 in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal.

    Joao married Juliana CORREIA in 1830 in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal. Juliana (daughter of Antonio FERNANDES DA ROCHA and Maria CORREIA) was born in 1810 in Fajã da Ovelha, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 3. Luis FERREIRA DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born in 1852 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.
    2. 4. Victorino FERREIRA DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point


Generation: 3

  1. 3.  Luis FERREIRA DA SILVALuis FERREIRA DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born in 1852 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

    Luis married Maria Rosa DE JESUS on 27 Oct 1872 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. Maria (daughter of Antonio Pereira ROSA and Joaquina FERREIRA) was born in 1845 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died in in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 5. Manuel Ferreira DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 27 Jul 1873 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 10 May 1959 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.
    2. 6. António Ferreira DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 21 Jun 1874 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; and died.
    3. 7. Manuel Ferreira DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 2 Oct 1876 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 5 Oct 1959 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.
    4. 8. Maria Rosa DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born in 1888 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 10 May 1888 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.
    5. 9. Luis Ferreira DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 22 Jun 1885 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 7 Aug 1967 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

  2. 4.  Victorino FERREIRA DA SILVAVictorino FERREIRA DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Maria RODRIGUES. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]



Generation: 4

  1. 5.  Manuel Ferreira DA SILVAManuel Ferreira DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 27 Jul 1873 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 10 May 1959 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

  2. 6.  António Ferreira DA SILVAAntónio Ferreira DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 21 Jun 1874 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; and died.

  3. 7.  Manuel Ferreira DA SILVAManuel Ferreira DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 2 Oct 1876 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 5 Oct 1959 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

    Manuel married Antónia DE JESUS in 1900 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 10. Manuel DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 26 Nov 1900.
    2. 11. Francisco DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 16 Mar 1902.
    3. 12. Maria  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 27 Jun 1904.
    4. 13. César FERREIRA DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 29 Jan 1906; and died.
    5. 14. Luís FERREIRA DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 30 Oct 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 17 Nov 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.
    6. 15. Maria DA CONCEIçãO  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 6 Nov 1909.
    7. 16. Alfredo  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 30 Oct 1910.

  4. 8.  Maria Rosa DA SILVAMaria Rosa DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born in 1888 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 10 May 1888 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

    Maria married Manuel Francisco DE MENESES, Júnior on 13 Feb 1905 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. Manuel (son of Manuel Francisco DE MENESES and Antónia PEREIRA) was born about 1886 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 9 Mar 1886 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 28 Jan 1962 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 17. Maria Rosa DE MENESES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 9 Mar 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 19 Mar 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died between 1970 - 1985 in South Africa.
    2. 18. Manuel Estevão DE MENESES  Descendancy chart to this point was born in 1923 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened in 1923 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died in 1996.
    3. 19. Luís Francisco DE MENESES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 18 Jun 1912.
    4. 20. José DA SILVA MENESES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 20 Feb 1924.

  5. 9.  Luis Ferreira DA SILVALuis Ferreira DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 22 Jun 1885 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 7 Aug 1967 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

    Luis married Virgínia Rosa DA CONCEIÇÃO on 16 Jul 1906 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. Virgínia (daughter of Manuel ROSA FERREIRA and Maria REBELO) was born about 1884 in Sao Pedro, Funchal, Portugal; and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 21. Fortunata Conceição DA SILVA  Descendancy chart to this point was born in 1907; was christened on 10 Feb 1907; died on 7 Dec 1991.


Generation: 5

  1. 10.  Manuel DA SILVAManuel DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 26 Nov 1900.

  2. 11.  Francisco DA SILVAFrancisco DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 16 Mar 1902.

    Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 22. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  3. 12.  MariaMaria Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 27 Jun 1904.

  4. 13.  César FERREIRA DA SILVACésar FERREIRA DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 29 Jan 1906; and died.

  5. 14.  Luís FERREIRA DA SILVALuís FERREIRA DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 30 Oct 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 17 Nov 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal.

    Luís married Maria DE JESUS on 28 10 1929 in Calheta, Madeira, Portugal . Maria died in 1972. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]


  6. 15.  Maria DA CONCEIçãOMaria DA CONCEIçãO Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 6 Nov 1909.

  7. 16.  AlfredoAlfredo Descendancy chart to this point (7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 30 Oct 1910.

  8. 17.  Maria Rosa DE MENESESMaria Rosa DE MENESES Descendancy chart to this point (8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 9 Mar 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 19 Mar 1907 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died between 1970 - 1985 in South Africa.

    Maria married Antonio SARDINHA DUARTE on 30 Jan 1928 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. Antonio (son of Manuel SARDINHA DUARTE and Antonia DE JESUS) was born on 26 Apr 1896 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened on 5 May 1896 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 19 Jan 1961 in South Africa. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 23. Maria Zita Duarte DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 7 Jun 1933; died on 28 Feb 2009.
    2. 24. Dolores Rosa DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 11 Jun 1934; and died.
    3. 25. Lidia Rosa DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 28 Sep 1935 in Madeira, Portugal; died on 21 Jan 2016.
    4. 26. Private  Descendancy chart to this point
    5. 27. Naomi Rosa Menezes DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 7 Mar 1941; died on 26 Feb 2020.
    6. 28. Jose Sidonio SARDINHA DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 27 Feb 1945; died on 25 Jul 2007 in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; was buried in Cremated.
    7. 29. Antonio SARDINHA DUARTE  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 27 Jun 1951 in South Africa; died on 14 Jun 2015.

  9. 18.  Manuel Estevão DE MENESESManuel Estevão DE MENESES Descendancy chart to this point (8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born in 1923 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; was christened in 1923 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died in 1996.

    Manuel married Maria DE SOUSA TEIXEIRA in 1944 in Calheta. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]


  10. 19.  Luís Francisco DE MENESESLuís Francisco DE MENESES Descendancy chart to this point (8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 18 Jun 1912.

    Luís married Elisa DA SILVA VIEIRA in 1939 in Calheta. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 30. Maria MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on 15 Aug 1940; died about 1945.
    2. 31. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 32. Luis MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on Aug 26 1947 in South Africa; died on May 1 2002.
    4. 33. Virgilio (Vicky) MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on Oct 18 1948 in South Africa; died on Feb 22 2021.
    5. 34. Jose MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on Sep 16 1949 in South Africa; died on Sep 11 1965.
    6. 35. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    7. 36. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    8. 37. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    9. 38. Theresa MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on Apr 24 1955 in South Africa.
    10. 39. Neville (Anibal) MENEZES  Descendancy chart to this point was born on Mar 10 1957 in South Africa.
    11. 40. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    12. 41. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    13. 42. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    14. 43. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  11. 20.  José DA SILVA MENESESJosé DA SILVA MENESES Descendancy chart to this point (8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 20 Feb 1924.

  12. 21.  Fortunata Conceição DA SILVAFortunata Conceição DA SILVA Descendancy chart to this point (9.Luis4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born in 1907; was christened on 10 Feb 1907; died on 7 Dec 1991.

    Fortunata married Antonio GONCALVES BORRAGEIRO on 14 Oct 1926 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal. Antonio (son of Agostinho GONCALVES BORRAGEIRO and Maria Virginia SARDINHA CUNHA) was born on 5 May 1905 in Estreito da Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; died on 23 May 1988. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 44. Living  Descendancy chart to this point


Generation: 6

  1. 22.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (11.Francisco5, 7.Manuel4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 45. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  2. 23.  Maria Zita Duarte DUARTEMaria Zita Duarte DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 7 Jun 1933; died on 28 Feb 2009.

    Family/Spouse: Manuel Jacinto NASCIMENTO. Manuel (son of Manuel RIBEIRO DO NASCIMENTO and Maria PEREIRA DA CONCEICAO) was born on 17 Aug 1933; died in 1989. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 46. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 47. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 48. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 49. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    5. 50. Private  Descendancy chart to this point

  3. 24.  Dolores Rosa DUARTEDolores Rosa DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 11 Jun 1934; and died.

    Family/Spouse: Francisco Pereira CAETANO. Francisco was born on 1 Apr 1922; and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 51. Yvonne CAETANO  Descendancy chart to this point was born about 1952; and died.
    2. 52. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 53. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  4. 25.  Lidia Rosa DUARTELidia Rosa DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 28 Sep 1935 in Madeira, Portugal; died on 21 Jan 2016.

    Lidia married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 54. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 55. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 56. Private  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 57. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  5. 26.  PrivatePrivate Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Private married Private [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 58. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 59. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 60. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  6. 27.  Naomi Rosa Menezes DUARTENaomi Rosa Menezes DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 7 Mar 1941; died on 26 Feb 2020.

    Naomi married Jose Adelino MENDONCA on 14 Feb 1965. Jose (son of Manuel Junior MENDONCA and Maria de MENDONÇA) was born on 2 Oct 1939; died on 27 Sep 2013. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 61. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 62. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  7. 28.  Jose Sidonio SARDINHA DUARTEJose Sidonio SARDINHA DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 27 Feb 1945; died on 25 Jul 2007 in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; was buried in Cremated.

    Jose married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 63. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 64. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  8. 29.  Antonio SARDINHA DUARTEAntonio SARDINHA DUARTE Descendancy chart to this point (17.Maria5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 27 Jun 1951 in South Africa; died on 14 Jun 2015.

    Antonio married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 65. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 66. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  9. 30.  Maria MENEZESMaria MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on 15 Aug 1940; died about 1945.

  10. 31.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 67. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 68. Mark DOS SANTOS  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 69. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  11. 32.  Luis MENEZESLuis MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on Aug 26 1947 in South Africa; died on May 1 2002.

    Family/Spouse: Freda. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 70. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 71. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 72. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 73. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  12. 33.  Virgilio (Vicky) MENEZESVirgilio (Vicky) MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on Oct 18 1948 in South Africa; died on Feb 22 2021.

    Family/Spouse: Rosemarie. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 74. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 75. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 76. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 77. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    5. 78. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  13. 34.  Jose MENEZESJose MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on Sep 16 1949 in South Africa; died on Sep 11 1965.

  14. 35.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 79. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 80. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  15. 36.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

  16. 37.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 81. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 82. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  17. 38.  Theresa MENEZESTheresa MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on Apr 24 1955 in South Africa.

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 83. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 84. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  18. 39.  Neville (Anibal) MENEZESNeville (Anibal) MENEZES Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1) was born on Mar 10 1957 in South Africa.

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 85. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 86. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 87. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  19. 40.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 88. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 89. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 90. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  20. 41.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 91. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 92. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 93. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 94. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  21. 42.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 95. Chantal DE SOUSA  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 96. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  22. 43.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (19.Luís5, 8.Maria4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Family/Spouse: Living. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 97. Living  Descendancy chart to this point

  23. 44.  LivingLiving Descendancy chart to this point (21.Fortunata5, 9.Luis4, 3.Luis3, 2.Joao2, 1.Manuel1)

    Living married Living [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

    Children:
    1. 54. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    2. 55. Living  Descendancy chart to this point
    3. 56. Private  Descendancy chart to this point
    4. 57. Living  Descendancy chart to this point